300 blk velocity barrel length

Find out about the many different types of specialty ceilings for your home including vaulted, coffered, tray, recessed, barrel, and dropped. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home V...

Constant acceleration is a change in velocity that doesn’t vary over a given length of time. If a car increases its velocity by 20 mph over the course of a minute, then increases b...Another important factor is caliber. AR-15s come in tons of calibers. These calibers benefit from different barrel lengths. Calibers like 5.56 benefit from longer barrels and gain maximum velocity from a longer barrel. 5.56 vs .300 BLK in PMAGs. Other cartridges like .300 Blackout are specifically designed for shorter barrels.Exterior Ballistics. When we look at exterior ballistics (how the bullet flies through the air), 5.56 is actually a much better performer than .300 BLK. 5.56 NATO has a much flatter trajectory than .300 BLK, even though .300 BLK has a sleeker, more aerodynamic projectile design. That’s because .300 BLK travels slower than 5.56.Cor-Bon subsonic data is: .300 Blackout 240 grain; muzzle velocity 1000 FPS, muzzle energy 533 ft-lbs. That is more muzzle energy than a 230-grain .45 ACP load yet includes the ability to fire more accurately and at greater distance while utilizing the same 30-round magazines you already have.300 Blackout 110 gr V-MAX® Hornady BLACK ... inertia, bolt, pump, supersonic, subsonic, rifle, mid-length, carbine or pistol – Hornady BLACK ammunition delivers superior performance for a variety of applications. Featuring. High-Quality Cases, Primers Propellant ... Test Barrel (16") Muzzle. 100 Yards. 200 Yards. 300 Yards. Velocity (FPS ...Jul 3, 2023 · The best barrel length for a suppressed 300 Blackout is between 8 to 10 inches. At 10", the muzzle velocity hasn't reached its peak yet. Heavy subsonic 300 Blackout ammo in a 10" barrel may have lower velocities, but it allows for the use of a suppressor without damaging your hearing. Supersonic ammo out of a 10" barrel retains rifle caliber ...

In supersonic loadings, the .300 Blackout uses bullets of .308 caliber (7.62mm) weighing between 90 and 147 grains, with the most common bullet weights being 110, 115, and 125. In carbine- and rifle-length barrels, muzzle velocities typically vary between 1,900 and 2,350 ft/s, generating between 1,300 and 1,500 ft-lbs of muzzle energy.The best barrel length for a 300 Blackout rifle depends on the intended purpose of the firearm. For general purpose rifle use, or for hunting, a 16-inch barrel is ideal. It provides a good balance of velocity and maneuverability. For home defense, a shorter barrel, such as a 10.5-inch or 11.5-inch barrel, is preferred.Lower parts kit. Trigger assembly. Buffer assembly. Bolt carrier group. Upper receiver. Handguard. Magazine. These are the only parts that are exclusive to .300 BLK: Barrel. …Lower parts kit. Trigger assembly. Buffer assembly. Bolt carrier group. Upper receiver. Handguard. Magazine. These are the only parts that are exclusive to .300 BLK: Barrel. …I'm also going by what most people consider to be the optimum barrel length of 300 BLK: 9". Read any forum discussion on 300 BLK barrel length and most people will say 9" is optimum. The real world shooting demonstrates that shooting 300 BLK out of 9" barrel gives no flash, meaning complete powder burn has occurred.

Around 13” is where the ft lbs really seem to not grow much per inch, the gain is cut about in half after that point. 300blk is effective in short barrels but long barrels still put out more energy, much like 7.62x39. 8. Reply. prmoore11.300 Blackout 110 gr V-MAX® Hornady BLACK ... inertia, bolt, pump, supersonic, subsonic, rifle, mid-length, carbine or pistol – Hornady BLACK ammunition delivers superior performance for a variety of applications. Featuring. High-Quality Cases, Primers Propellant ... Test Barrel (16") Muzzle. 100 Yards. 200 Yards. 300 Yards. Velocity (FPS ...There are many 300BLK shooters who say a 9" 300 BLK barrel is the “sweet spot” for subsonic velocity cartridges, but you can go even shorter (like the Faxon Firearms 7.5" or …Here's what you need to know today: U.S. stock futures rise modestly; Delta Air Lines and BlackRock report earnings; Facebook's value soars during Mark Zuckerberg's con...With a 9" barrel and 7" shroud length the overall length would meet the 16" requirement w/ or without the suppressor. With a 9" suppressor, 2" would extend beyond the shroud and the overall barrel length would be 18". I would shoot subs and supers, and would develop loads for both.

How to reset service theft deterrent system chevy cruze 2012.

The 16 inch barrel data are used here, for all cartridges, because 16 inches is the most prevalent barrel length for AR-15 rifles. Here are the velocity in feet-per-second (fps) and energy in foot-pounds (ft. lbs.) figures for our comparison loads at the muzzle, 100, 200 and 250 yards. The loads are listed in descending order of their MV.Oct 21, 2016 · Re: Muzzle velocity and barrel length. by bangbangping » Fri Oct 21, 2016 7:55 pm. Bgd wrote: I want to use the 135 grain sierra varmiter in the 300 blackout. I don't know what kind of velocity you're looking for, but you don't need a whole heck of a lot with that bullet. Here's a pic of what I could find of one that went into 10% gel at ~2000 ... Notes: Only ammo tested to have all five rounds stay in the gel. Hornady Black Subsonic. Bullet Weight: 208 Grains. Bullet Type: A-Max Polymer Tip. Avg. Muzzle Velocity: 965 fps. Avg. Muzzle Energy: 468 ft/lbs. Bullet Drop at 50 yds: 0.7 inches. Bullet Drop at 100 yds: 8.78 inches. Energy at 100 yards: 442 ft/lbs.If you’re not familiar with 300 Blackout, it uses 5.56 bolts and magazines, and a modified 5.56 case that’s shortened 10mm and necked up to .30 caliber. The advantages of 5.56 mags and the strength of a 5.56 bolt, as well as .308 diameter projectiles, make this a much better choice than 7.62×39 for the AR-15 platform.

The Bottom Line on 300 Blackout Ammo. The 300 Blackout is a rifle cartridge that’s more powerful than the 5.56 when fired out of a barrel that’s less than 16 inches long. The chief advantage of 300 Blackout is its versatility. You won’t find a cartridge that “does it all” better than the 300 Blackout.At this point, increasing barrel length only provides marginal increases in velocity. The optimal barrel length for 300 Blackout is 9 inches. A nine-inch barrel guarantees all powder will burn in the cartridge and that the round fired will perform with similar ballistic performance to 5.56 NATO.The 300 BLK shoots .308 caliber bullets. 3. Suppressor-Friendly: You can shoot heavier bullets subsonic. The subsonic capabilities of the 300 BLK make it ideal for use with a suppressed AR. 4. Great Barrel Life: With a .30-caliber bore and a modest powder charge, barrel life is outstanding. 5.I'm currently looking for a 300 blk barrel, but I am conflicted on the twist rate and length. I'm taking into account bullet grain weight and cost as well. I've seen on online cost of 300 blk and it's a small difference $19 dollars for lower grain cartridges and $25 for higher grain cartridges (box of 25), but in all a difference for my wallet.The 300 ACC Blackout utilizes a .223 parent case shortened to 1.368″ and necked up to accept .308″ diameter bullets. Available in both supersonic and subsonic factory offerings, the 300 …The people that made the 300BLK designed it for specific purposes and ballistics. Lots of reloads have verified that 9.5 is the right length. "Nine inches of barrel will give you the perfect balance of light weight and velocity with the 300 BLK cartridge. It was designed to burn in short barrels and anything more is really just excess weight.Some of you have probably seen this, but it's still a great reference for others. They key take away point is that 300BLK has a much lower velocity loss as you shorten the barrel versus 5.56 NATO. The colors highlight where the rounds are at fairly equivalent ft-lbs. energy. The take away there is a 10" 300BLK will have roughly the same energy ...Find out about the many different types of specialty ceilings for your home including vaulted, coffered, tray, recessed, barrel, and dropped. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home V...When we compare the two shells, the overall length is basically the same at 57mm. The 5.56mm typically weighs 55 gr, 62 gr, and 63 gr, which is noticeably lighter.300 BLK typically weighs 78 gr, 110 gr, and 125 gr. As a result, the 300 BLK’s perceived recoil sound has been identified as more robust than the standard 5.56mm bullet. So in a 223/556 you are completely right, that round gets full powder burn around 18 inch of barrel length. So shorter than 18 means more flash/noise. A 300 blk however gets full powder burn in about 9 inches. So the flash and concussion will be less than a 223 in a comparable length. A 5inch blackout gets really loud. Using 500 meters as a benchmark, a NATO standard 5.56x45mm M855 projectile fired at 2,900 FPS will have 100 inches of drop, 41 inches of drift, and 291 ft.-lbs. of energy at that distance. In contrast, a .300 Blackout 125 grain projectile at 2,220 FPS has: 100 inches drop at 440 meters. 41 inches drift at 484 meters. YouTube is now offering 15 50-minute episodes of classic TV shows including Star Trek, MacGyver, and Beverly Hills, 90210 with "prominent new ads." Coupled with YouTube's newly-lau...

You will usually be getting 2,300 to 2,400 fps in a 16.3-inch barrel; that isn’t great for lethality. On the plus side, you can drop the barrel length down to around 11 inches and you will only be losing about 150 to 200 fps. Not bad, but 7.62x39mm doesn’t have a high enough velocity, even with a full-length barrel. 300 Blackout

Feb 15, 2024 ... 8:57 · Go to channel · 300 Blackout Barrel Lengths and Affects on Velocity. Silencer School EP.5. Alabama Arsenal•210K views · 11:33 · ...From there, each barrel goes through a battery of tests at each operation until finished in Nitride and final inspected. All barrels are individually checked for headspace with precision PTG gauges. Barrel Material: 4150 CMV. Barrel Type: Button Rifled. Barrel Caliber: 300 BLK. Barrel Twist: 1:8. Barrel Length: 10.5”. Barrel Profile: GUNNER.Jun 9, 2017 ... Comments35 ; 308 Velocity: SHORT -vs- LONG (16" -vs- 24"). Ultimate Reloader · 200K views ; Firearms Facts: 7.62x39mm vs 300 Blackout.iPhone: Speed reading is tough to learn, but Velocity is an app that makes it easy. Just toss in an article from Instapaper, Pocket, or your clipboard, and then Velocity displays i...The formula for finding the acceleration of a bullet is A = v^2/2l, or velocity squared divided by two times the barrel length. Velocity means muzzle velocity, or the speed at whic...The maximum effective range for 300 blackout when fired from a 16" barrel is 460 meters with maximum muzzle velocity, or 503 yards. This is the farthest distance you can expect to hit your target accurately with this cartridge. But remember, the 300 Blackout might not keep at least 260 ft lbs of energy at every point throughout that range.The 300 AAC Blackout cartridge — also known as 300 BLK or 7.62x35 — is both powerful and versatile, making it an easy favorite for a huge number of AR-15 owners. This rimless, bottleneck design was specifically developed for use with short-barreled military AR-15s and offers incredibly quiet function with subsonic ammo and a …The 8.6 Blackout also has a low muzzle velocity compared to the 223 Remington. The same 77 gr 223 Rem bullet has a muzzle velocity of 1,293 ft-lbs, double most 8.6 Blackout rounds. However, the 210 gr TSX 8.6 BLK bullet has a higher muzzle energy of 1,810 ft-lbs; the 223 Rem cannot produce this much muzzle energy.

Honda odyssey battery light on while driving.

6627 mandan drive colorado springs.

Q: What is the standard barrel length for 300 AAC BLACKOUT? A: The SAAMI standard is 16 inches instead of the normal 24 inches for other rifles cartridges. We felt that 24 inches was unrealistic, and would lead to inflated velocity numbers on factory ammo, if the ammo were reported for a long barrel length that no one actually used.That's the largest at-sea buildup since October 2020, when global energy markets were still reeling from the COVID-19 pandemic. Jump to As much as 1.9 million barrels of Russian di...Using 500 meters as a benchmark, a NATO standard 5.56x45mm M855 projectile fired at 2,900 FPS will have 100 inches of drop, 41 inches of drift, and 291 ft.-lbs. of energy at that distance. In contrast, a .300 Blackout 125 grain projectile at 2,220 FPS has: 100 inches drop at 440 meters. 41 inches drift at 484 meters.For optimal performance with a suppressed 300 Blackout, we recommend a barrel length of 8″-10″. Attaching a 6″ suppressor to this barrel length results in a total length of 14″ to 16″, which provides optimal muzzle velocity for accurate long-range shots. For the longer range engagements with a suppressed 300 Blackout, use a 16 ...However, the heavier Blackout retains more of that energy downrange, having over 130 ft./lbs. more than the 5.56mm round at 300 yards, and 180 ft./lbs. more at 500 yards. In short, the baseline Blackout has 60 percent more foot pounds of energy per round at 500 yards than the 5.56 and is akin to the 7.62x39mm M43 round used around …The forearm and barrel assembly swap out readily. There have been rumors that a 5.56mm conversion is in the making, but to a certain degree this would defeat the purpose of the gun. What really makes the Rattler unique is its .300 BLK chambering. The .300 BLK is essentially a .30-caliber bullet seated into a slightly modified 5.56mm casing. 300 AAC Blackout: BT: 125: 1406: 2250: 300 AAC Blackout: DPX: 110: 1407: 2400: Double Tap Ammunition Ballistics: Round Type Weight Muzzle Energy ft·lb Muzzle Velocity ft/sec. 300 AAC Blackout: Barnes TSX: 110: 1407: 2400: 300 AAC Blackout: Sierra ® Matchking: 240: 561: 1025: PNW Arms Ammunition Ballistics: Round Type Weight Muzzle Energy ft ... Around 13” is where the ft lbs really seem to not grow much per inch, the gain is cut about in half after that point. 300blk is effective in short barrels but long barrels still put out more energy, much like 7.62x39. 8. Reply. prmoore11.Nov 13, 2014 · Adding more barrel length after that point might still increase the velocity a bit, but the added weight isn’t always worth the extra dollop of velocity. For 5.56 NATO, that point is 20″ of barrel. For 300 AAC Blackout, that point is 9 inches of barrel. imherefortheprocess. •. 300aac was created for the sole intention of subsonic shooting out of a short barrel for CQB. If you are shooting 110gn, than you chose the wrong caliber for your application. There's is a miniscule amount of velocity difference out of subsonic rounds between a 5.5" barrel and a 50" barrel. ….

In physics, the three types of acceleration are changes in speed, direction and both simultaneously. The word “velocity” is often used in place of speed. A person can calculate the...Feb 16, 2023 · The ideal barrel length when hunting with .300 BLK is one able to reach long-range targets with sufficient bullet velocity and energy on target for a lethal impact. Longer barrel lengths offer greater accuracy and velocity, with a maximum length of 16″ for the 300 BLK. Also, there are no "heavy, high bc bullets" for 300 blackout unless you're shooting subsonics, which defeats the purpose of having a longer barrel for more velocity. And yes, i can shoot my 300 blk pistol as accurately as a rifle because a pistol brace is effectively a stock. It sounds like you don't know what you want to me. So in a 223/556 you are completely right, that round gets full powder burn around 18 inch of barrel length. So shorter than 18 means more flash/noise. A 300 blk however gets full powder burn in about 9 inches. So the flash and concussion will be less than a 223 in a comparable length. A 5inch blackout gets really loud. That said Google 300 blk velocity barrel length and look at the image tab. In my opinion, a 16 in barrel in 300 blackout is a better hunting rifle than a 5.56 at any length or a 300 blk with a shorter barrel. Nothing wrong with having one 300 blk 8.5 inch pistol on every floor for home defense and one 16 inch hunting 300 blk carbine.With a 9" barrel and 7" shroud length the overall length would meet the 16" requirement w/ or without the suppressor. With a 9" suppressor, 2" would extend beyond the shroud and the overall barrel length would be 18". I would shoot subs and supers, and would develop loads for both.According to Nosler, AccuBonds expand at velocities down to 1,800 fps, and a little calculating with a ballistic program indicated the .300 HAM’R load should expand easily at 200 yards, and probably 250. Sighted-in 1.5 inches high at 100 yards, the bullet lands 1.5 inches below point of aim at 200, and 6 inches down at 250.Adding more barrel length after that point might still increase the velocity a bit, but the added weight isn’t always worth the extra dollop of velocity. For 5.56 NATO, that point is …Around 13” is where the ft lbs really seem to not grow much per inch, the gain is cut about in half after that point. 300blk is effective in short barrels but long barrels still put out more energy, much like 7.62x39. 8. Reply. prmoore11. 300 blk velocity barrel length, Yes. Most 300 Blackout loads reach their full velocity within 10″ of barrel length and many in 8″ or so. There’s a huge market of projectiles designed specifically for the caliber in both supersonic (which is the typical choice for hunting use) and subsonic flavors. There’s at least a dozen options for 300 BLK projectiles that reliably ..., Cor-Bon subsonic data is: .300 Blackout 240 grain; muzzle velocity 1000 FPS, muzzle energy 533 ft-lbs. That is more muzzle energy than a 230-grain .45 ACP load yet includes the ability to fire more accurately and at greater distance while utilizing the same 30-round magazines you already have., This calculator will produce a ballistic trajectory chart that shows the bullet drop, bullet energy, windage, and velocity. It will a produce a line graph showing the bullet drop and flight path of the bullet. By adding …, Quoted: For 110 grain Barnes in a 8.5 inch barrel I have seen different velocities, usually falling in somewhere around 2100-2150. Wilson combat has the Hottest advertised velocity of 2400, that should net about 2200 from a 8.5. A 10.5 inch will get you about 100 fps more then a 8.5 with the same round., Selecting the best barrel length for the .300 BLK can be a double-edged sword. At 10-inches, muzzle velocity hasn’t reached its peak. Heavy, subsonic ammo in a 10-inch …, With a .300 Blackout barrel, you can configure your AR-15 to fire the unique .300 Blackout round, which offers powerful, accurate performance and an even greater array of options to meet your needs as a shooter. ... Though these bullets are delivered at a lower velocity, the .300 Blackout's lower chamber pressure and fast-burning powder allow ..., The theoretical perfect length for 300 blk is 10 inches. Less and you give up velocity, more and you lose velocity due to having expended the available charge and the excess barrel slows the round. By the way, barrel length affects bigger calibers less than smaller calibers. This is a general rule of reloading., There are many 300BLK shooters who say a 9" 300 BLK barrel is the “sweet spot” for subsonic velocity cartridges, but you can go even shorter (like the Faxon Firearms 7.5" or …, 8 .300 Blackout. 8.1 Best Barrel Length For .300 Blackout. 8.1.1 For Subsonic Loads. 8.1.2 For Maximum Velocity. 8.1.3 Best Overall Barrel Length for .300 Blackout. 9 .32 ACP. …, Edit: I assumed you were talking about velocity differences since you were asking about barrel length. It is well know that a faster twist rate will potentially stabilize heavier bullets better but FWIW, I’ve shot a variety of bullets 110-220 gn with 1:8 and 1:7 and never had stability issues - barrel length has been a constant 10.5 tho, This homemade rain barrel for recycling rainwater for use in your lawn and garden is an easy do-it-yourself project that costs less than $50. Watch this video to find out how. Expe..., Effective Range Factors. The maximum effective range of 300 BLK ammo depends on several interrelated factors: Ammunition: Bullet weight and resulting muzzle velocity determine trajectory and energy on target. Barrel Length: Longer barrels enable faster muzzle velocities, flatter trajectories, less bullet drop, and extended range. Rifling …, BARREL LENGTH : 5.5 inches . CALIBER : 5.56, 7.62x39, .300BLK. ... .300 BLK. 5.56 NATO. 7.62x39. Color: Configuration: Brace. Stock. Clear: PDX™ Kit quantity. Add to cart ... enough. Otherwise this thing hasn’t missed a beat. I was nervous because everyone told me not to go less than an 8” barrel and only in 300 blk. Well they were wrong., Feb 16, 2023 · The ideal barrel length when hunting with .300 BLK is one able to reach long-range targets with sufficient bullet velocity and energy on target for a lethal impact. Longer barrel lengths offer greater accuracy and velocity, with a maximum length of 16″ for the 300 BLK. , View Quote. If you're shooting subsonic .300BLK, it's because you are suppressing it. A suppressor adds 6-9" to the barrel length typically. So, you want as short a barrel are practical. 8.5" is traditional, but a lot of folks are trying 7.5" and 6.5". Posted: 1/29/2019 2:02:21 PM EDT., Aug 3, 2023 · 300 Blackout Effective Range For 9" Barrel. From a 9-inch barrel, the 300 AAC Blackout 125 grain bullet has a maximum effective range of 440 meters. This is because the bullet drops 100 inches at 410 meters, drifts 41 inches at 470 meters, and has 291 foot-pounds of energy at 625 meters. Most 9" 300 blackout barrels can achieve this performance ... , For 300 AAC Blackout, that point is 9 inches of barrel. That number comes from multiple conversations with the people who designed the 300 AAC Blackout cartridge, did the …, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store News: This is the News-site for the company Cracker Barrel Old Country Store on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks, Many people get speed and velocity confused. It's no surprise because the terms are often used interchangeably. But they're not quite the same thing. So how do you find the velocit..., I’ve always stated my home-defense gun is a Mossberg 12 gauge loaded with 00 Buckshot, but the PDX offers more maneuverability than my Mossberg 500 and the power of 5.56mm, 7.62mm x 39mm, or a .300 BLK bullet. A gun like the Maxim Defense PDX is only 18.75" and can be chambered in the same caliber as any other AR at twice …, The 300 AAC (Advanced Armament Corporation) Blackout (designated 300 BLK by SAAMI) is a 7.82mm caliber designed to outperform in terminal ballistics over the 5.56 NATO/.223 Remington. It’s designed for the AR platform and delivers superb knock-down power in close-quarter battles. The 5.56 NATO still reigns supreme in the military, police, …, Depends. For sub, yeah it’s close. That length is great for keeping subsonic projectiles subsonic for most barrels in that range and most subsonic rounds. Longer barrels with higher twist rates will speed up your bullet and approach that sound barrier limit. Also certain round weight will impact velocity (190 grain to 220 grain). , 300 blackout was designed to operate from shorter barrels by using pistol powder instead of rifle powder so it can get full burn. If you're going to do longer than 10.5", consider getting a 11.5" 5.56 instead because it will be much cheaper to shoot and far …, The people that made the 300BLK designed it for specific purposes and ballistics. Lots of reloads have verified that 9.5 is the right length. "Nine inches of barrel will give you the perfect balance of light weight and velocity with the 300 BLK cartridge. It was designed to burn in short barrels and anything more is really just excess weight., The 300 Blackout’s .30 caliber bullet can be made especially long, and as the result may weigh up to 220 grains — quadruple the weight of the typical 223 Rem round’s. So heavy …, For 300 AAC Blackout, that point is 9 inches of barrel. That number comes from multiple conversations with the people who designed the 300 AAC Blackout cartridge, did the …, BCM® 300 Blackout Barrels. Continuous taper designed for optimal weight, balance, and performance. ... Caliber: 300 Blackout; Length: 12.5″ ... extraction, and reliability. It increases velocity, and also resist against fouling and corrosion from extended use in the field. This gives the end user a longer barrel life with less required time ..., Feb 16, 2017 · I'm also going by what most people consider to be the optimum barrel length of 300 BLK: 9". Read any forum discussion on 300 BLK barrel length and most people will say 9" is optimum. The real world shooting demonstrates that shooting 300 BLK out of 9" barrel gives no flash, meaning complete powder burn has occurred. , Plus: Silicon Valley is trying to (literally) put out the world’s fires Good morning, Quartz readers! The White House is set to release 15 million barrels of oil from the US’s stra..., Mar 10, 2023 · Popular barrel lengths for .300 Blackout range from 16 inches to 5.5 inches. The use cases of these two barrel lengths are very different. But they’re both fairly common among shooters, which speaks to the versatility of the Blackout. , , 300 BLK: Barrel Length: 16" Manuf. Process: Cold Hammer Forged: Twist Rate: 1:8: Muzzle Thread: 5 ⁄ 8 × 24 TPI (Threads Per Inch) ... GunTec handguard, Daniel Defense, .300 AAC Blackout, 16", strength-to-weight. Lower is a Seekins, with a Velocity 3-pound trigger. Optic is a straight 4X Leupold. Handloaded ammo is a 110 grain, Hornady VMax ..., The 300 AAC (Advanced Armament Corporation) Blackout (designated 300 BLK by SAAMI) is a 7.82mm caliber designed to outperform in terminal ballistics over the 5.56 NATO/.223 Remington. It’s designed for the AR platform and delivers superb knock-down power in close-quarter battles. The 5.56 NATO still reigns supreme in the military, police, and ...