How to size a ridge beam

Saw. Installing the Ridge Beam: Step-by-Step. Positioning: Begin by placing the ridge beam horizontally along the roof’s peak. Securing: Firmly anchor the ridge …

How to size a ridge beam. 9 Tips for Connecting Rafters to Ridge Beam: Place the ridge beam on top of the rafters. Align the rafters so that they are flush with the ends of the ridge beam. Drill pilot holes through the rafters and into the ridge beam. Secure the rafters to the ridge beam using bolts or screws. Trusses can also be used to connect rafters to a ridge beam.

Aug 11, 2021 · The difference between a compression style roof using a ridge board and a structural style roof using a ridge beam.

The difference between a compression style roof using a ridge board and a structural style roof using a ridge beam.Flush Beam - a beam that will be in the same elevation as the members it is supporting; Dropped Beam - a beam that will be below the members it is supporting; Bearing - a structural element that supports weight/loads; Clear Span - the distance between the two inside surfaces of the span supports; the distance that is unsupported, or simply, the ...The ridge beam is holding the whole roof structure, it needs to be sized adequately, let me walk you through the installation of the ridge beam as well as a ...When choosing the size of a load-bearing timber member (such as a bearer, lintel, beam, top plate or even a wall stud), two vital pieces of information are needed: The member span – that is, the distance between its supports, measuring along the member. The longer the span, the deeper the timber has to be. The load the member has to support.The same is true for beams like structural ridge beams and center girders. Too often builders gang together 2-inch dimension lumber to support roof and floor loads without considering other options. You can’t beat sawn lumber for most small window headers, but as spans and loads increase, stronger materials are a better choice.

What Is The Purpose Of Ridge Beam. A ridge beam can be stronger than a ridge board, and it can be easier to assemble in some instances. A-frame or gable roof designs use a ridge beam because the rafters need independent support. What Is Ridge Beam Made Of. The lumber used to make a ridge beam is calculated using the roof load, roof size, and ...Tom and Charlie Silva create a cathedral ceiling on the 3rd floor of the Cape Ann house.SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse.The ...The required size of an LVL beam to span 16 feet depends on the total load requirements and the beam’s rating. For instance, using a single 2.1E 3100 beam that measures 1-3/4 inches wide by 7-1/4 inches deep, the total allowable load when spanning 16 feet is 58 pounds per linear foot (plf).Smart, quick, easy Timber Beam Calculations in just minutes. Buy now. Calculate timber beam spans and sizes quickly and easily. Calculations approved by Building Control. 30 Day Money Back Guarantee.40ft x 12″ = 480″ (length in inches) ÷ 24″ on-center = 20 rafters. After getting the answer, add 1 for the ‘0’ rafter and multiply it by 2. You’ll get the number of rafters needed for your roof. 40ft x 12” = 480” ÷ 24” on-center = 20 rafters + 1 = 21 rafters per side x 2 = 42 rafters. Get a Free Roofing Estimate.How to Determine Steel Beam Size. We’ve compiled a short step-by-step guide to working out steel beam sizes. Calculate Steel Beam Span Length; The steel span length is essentially the distance from the centre of one end bearing to the other. For example, if the exact distance between steel support beams is 4 metres, with an end …span = 128.81 inches ≈ 10.73 ft. Kenneth Alambra. Use this wood beam span calculator to check a wood beam of a particular size and length to see if it can support a given uniform linear load by comparing its allowable and required bending and shear stress.

Jan 18, 2024 · span = 128.81 inches ≈ 10.73 ft. Kenneth Alambra. Use this wood beam span calculator to check a wood beam of a particular size and length to see if it can support a given uniform linear load by comparing its allowable and required bending and shear stress. A Flitch Beam is a composite section comprised of one or more steel plates attached to a wood beam. They are typically used to reduce the structural depth of an equivalent wood-only beam. To account for the differing stiffnesses and yield strength of the steel plate, the plate width is multiplied by a modular ratio n given by the below equation:Jun 21, 2020 · We're setting the ridge beam for the roof of our master suite addition! Next video we'll be setting the roof rafters to the ridgeline and (hopefully) drying ... Sep 16, 2021 · We need to calculate the total load per lineal foot (plf or pounds per linear foot) that the ridge beam needs to support in order to specify the correct size of the LVL. The span of the roof is ½ of the width, so 26’/2 = 13’, and the length is ½ of the overall length since we will be using an intermediate post, so 36’/2 = 18’: Oct 22, 2018 · The bearing walls that are parallel with to a ridge beam must have the stiffness to resist the the outward pressure exerted on the walls by the joists. This can be provided by horizontal ceiling rafters that connect between the walls or a concrete block wall with a tie beam. So a ridge board does not have to be supported.

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Engineer David Hourdequin provides a worked example of a ridge beam design, along with a side by side input example using the ClearCalcs wood beam calculator...Loft Conversion in UK - How to install heavy steel ridge beam for a loft conversion.Loft Constructed by BIG LOFT LONDON.Rear Dormer Loft Conversion, 1 loft b...Beam spans in these tables range from 15-feet to 45-feet, in 5-foot increments. Girder spans also range from 15 feet to 45 feet in 5-foot increments for each of the beam spans noted. Therefore, beam/girder depths tabulated cover 28 different bay sizes for each of three load cases. Dead loads address the self-weight of the floor/roof framing system.Wood Products. Engineered Lumber. Resources. U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup.

Unlike a ridge board, a ridge beam is designed to support the weight of the roof and transfer it to the supporting walls and columns. Ridge beams are typically constructed of larger, solid dimensional lumber or engineered wood products. You will see this system in many houses with cathedral or vaulted ceilings. Figure 4: An example of a ridge ...Typically for a 24 foot span, size of LVL beam or GLULAM should be 12-14 inches deep and 4 inches wide. So, you need something like a 12-14″ GLULAM or LVL to span upto 24 feet used for residential building or projects. Thus for span upto 24 feet, generally you need 4 1/2 × 11 1/4 standard size of LVL beam on normal weight condition which ...Jul 22, 2022 · Weyerhaeuser has a very good ridge beam sizing calculator. It allows you to select the material, roof loading condition, and house width to look for the size of ridge beam based on the rough span. If you’d like to know about the loads a ridge beam is designed for, here’s a very detailed guide. Wide Flange Beam Dimensions Chart for sizes, dimensions and section properties of steel wide flange beams. Wide flange beams are designated by the letter W followed by the nominal depth in inches and the weight in pounds per foot. Thus W12 × 19 designates a wide flange beam with a depth of 12 inches and a nominal weight of 19 pounds per foot.ridge beam data: live load = 30 psf dead load = 14 psf (dead load manually increased for roof slope) total load = 44 psf span is 16’-0” to center of posts supporting ridge beam. duration of load is 1.15 (snow) tributary length = 12’-0” (exclude outer 6 ft of rafters which bear on outside walls) the ridge beamSep 23, 2013 · 9.23.13.8. Ridge support. (1) Except as provided in Sentence (4), roof rafters and joists shall be support ed at the ridge of the roof by, (a) a loadbearing wall extending from the ridge to suitable bearing, or. (b) a ridge beam support ed by not less than 89 mm length of bearing. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), the ridge beam referred ... A Flitch Beam is a composite section comprised of one or more steel plates attached to a wood beam. They are typically used to reduce the structural depth of an equivalent wood-only beam. To account for the differing stiffnesses and yield strength of the steel plate, the plate width is multiplied by a modular ratio n given by the below equation:The LVL beam span calculator is a valuable tool for construction projects. By accurately calculating beam spans and sizes, users can ensure structural integrity and compliance with building codes. The calculator’s insights can help users make informed decisions and optimize their projects.A ridge beam is a horizontal structural beam that runs between two opposite walls and supports the upper part of the roof. It’s often made of wood or steel and is usually found in roofs that are pitched. A ridge beam is placed at the peak of the roof and is supported by the roof rafters on both sides. A ridge beam is typically made up of ...Subtract the shorter wall length from the longer wall length< and add 1.5 inches for the length of the ridge beam or board. Example: Let's say I'm building a shed that measures 10 feet by 16 feet. These are the measurements of the walls once covered with my sheathing and create the actual rectangle of the roof line. 16' - 10' = 6 feet.The ridge beam is holding the whole roof structure, it needs to be sized adequately, let me walk you through the installation of the ridge beam as well as a ...

The bearing walls that are parallel with to a ridge beam must have the stiffness to resist the the outward pressure exerted on the walls by the joists. This can be provided by horizontal ceiling rafters that connect between the walls or a concrete block wall with a tie beam. So a ridge board does not have to be supported.

We're setting the ridge beam for the roof of our master suite addition! Next video we'll be setting the roof rafters to the ridgeline and (hopefully) drying ...The LVL beam span calculator is a valuable tool for construction projects. By accurately calculating beam spans and sizes, users can ensure structural integrity and compliance with building codes. The calculator’s insights can help users make informed decisions and optimize their projects. Without rafter ties, the ridge sags onwards, and the top of the walls supporting the lower ends of the rafters push or “kick” outward. Inspecting a building constructed without rafter ties and that also lacks a structural ridge beam, we will often notice first that the ridge has sagged downwards, mostly in the center between the gable end ... Square/T-Bevel. Measure the inside dimension of the beam and subtract ⅛ inch to determine the size of the mounting blocks. Cut the appropriate number of mounting blocks determined in Step 1. Dry fit each of the blocks to ensure that they don’t have to be forced onto the beam. Too tight a fit could damage the beam.Mar 11, 2022 ... ... length of the building area to be covered ... length of the building area to be covered. ... The Difference Between a Ridge Board and a Ridge Beam.What Size Should a Ridge Beam Be? A ridge beam is a joist that runs along the top of a wall or ceiling. It is used to support the weight from above and prevent the wall or ceiling from sagging. The size of a ridge beam depends on how much weight it needs to support, which can vary according to the building materials used in construction.Mar 14, 2008 · If your gable end is 8' your run is 4' and your rise is 5". 5" x 4 = 20" If you install 2x6 ceiling joists then you only have 14 1/2" or less. Probably 13" with the birdsmouth taken into consideration. If your gable end is 12' then you will end up with 23". Not alot of space for lumber storage. Step 5: Install Beam. Once I had the mounting plate securely installed, I cut the wood beam to the correct length and slid it onto the plate. Then I used a finish nailer to fasten it in place by nailing into the side of the beam about 1/2 inch from where it touched the ceiling. For the ridge beam, I only had to make straight cuts, but for the ...May 11, 2008 · A 2 x 12 at a 6/12 pitch would be 8-3/8" if using the 2/3rds rule. You can always talk to the Architect. But that sounds a bout right compared to a lot of ridges we put in. We put in a 3 1/2" x 14" glulam with lvl top/bottom chords that is the ridge for a 16' w x 16 or 18' long master bedroom. Framing in a ridge beam in shed roof construction is not hard. Here's a picture of a gable style shed using a ridge beam. Now if you have done any looking around this site, you'll quickly see that I am not a fan of using a ridge beam in shed construction. I always, always build trusses. Its the way I was trained to build sheds.

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Verandah Beams F7 – 42mm – Sheet Roof 17 Verandah Beams F7 – 42mm – Tile Roof 20 Verandah Beams GL8 – Sheet Roof 21 Verandah Beams GL8 – Tile Roof 24 Ridge Beams F7 – 42mm – Sheet Roof 25 Ridge Beams F7 – 42mm – Tile Roof 28 Internal Floor Joists F7 – 42mm 30 Deck Joists F7 – 42mm 31 Deck Bearers F7 32 Deck Bearers GL8 32Ridge Beam Calculator. A ridge beam is a horizontal beam placed at the apex of a sloping roof. It is designed to support the weight of the roof and transfer it to the supporting walls. ClearCalcs provides a ridge beam calculator, which helps engineers determine the appropriate span and size of ridge beams based on the specific roof design and ...Sep 1, 2023 ... To calculate the ridge height, divide the width of the building by 2 and multiply the result by the tangent of the pitch angle of the roof. Add ...Raise The Trusses. Raise the trusses one at a time and work the ridge board into the gap. It will probably be a tight fit and take a little hammer work to get each one into place. Line the top of the truss with the top of the ridge board and nail the truss rafter to the ridgeboard on each side. Then nail the trusses into the top plate as normal.Square/T-Bevel. Measure the inside dimension of the beam and subtract ⅛ inch to determine the size of the mounting blocks. Cut the appropriate number of mounting blocks determined in Step 1. Dry fit each of the blocks to ensure that they don’t have to be forced onto the beam. Too tight a fit could damage the beam.Canada Ridge Beam Sizing Calculator. Use the drop downs below to select your loading, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam ridge beam. Calculator is for use in Canada applications only. For U.S. switch to U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use ForteWEB™ to determine solutions for conditions beyond the ...Aug 20, 2013 ... The engineering principles are pretty straight-forward for a ridge beam. The sloped roof joists span between two pinned points; one at the ...Aug 20, 2013 ... The engineering principles are pretty straight-forward for a ridge beam. The sloped roof joists span between two pinned points; one at the ...Easiest way to lengthen the ridge isto scab the 2x8's together with plywood.You will have to cut a rafter short of the thickness of the plywood if the plylwood cleat falls on a rafter. Cut a prop to hold up the end of the long ridge and brace laterally so it doesn't fall over.Aug 11, 2021 · The difference between a compression style roof using a ridge board and a structural style roof using a ridge beam. ridge beam data: live load = 30 psf dead load = 14 psf (dead load manually increased for roof slope) total load = 44 psf span is 16’-0” to center of posts supporting ridge beam. duration of load is 1.15 (snow) tributary length = 12’-0” (exclude outer 6 ft of rafters which bear on outside walls) the ridge beamSep 23, 2013 · 9.23.13.8. Ridge support. (1) Except as provided in Sentence (4), roof rafters and joists shall be support ed at the ridge of the roof by, (a) a loadbearing wall extending from the ridge to suitable bearing, or. (b) a ridge beam support ed by not less than 89 mm length of bearing. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), the ridge beam referred ... ….

Here's how to calculate the size of a timber beam you need to span a given distance.🧑‍🎓Continue your learning journey with BRILLIANT: https://sovrn.co/16qq...Only£59. Steel ridge beam. If you're having an open vaulted sloping ceiling with a ridge or peak in the middle, you will need a ridge beam to stop the roof from sagging. Traditionally horizontal ceiling joists were used to stop the roof from spreading outwards, however, with an open sloping ceiling this is not possible and a ridge beam must be ...How to build a three-ply laminated 2x10 beam and what fasteners to use. by Patrick. (Long Island, NY) I am building a ground level deck (max 24" of the ground). It is L shaped and will have 2 long beams (27.5' and 31'). The beams will be 3-ply PT SP#2 2x12's using 12' long lumber cut to fit the distances between the supporting posts.Beam Calculator. Designed using WoodWorks® Sizer according to the National Building Code 2015 Part 4 and the CSA O86-14 Standard - Engineering design in wood. Design must be verified by a qualified engineer. Snow and wind loads should not include the Importance factor (O86 5.2.3.2), which is calculated using the selected Importance Category.Mar 19, 2024 ... I should add, builders always say it's a big beam. They are designed on deflection, not strength. This is particularly important for vaulted ...I rove 30 miles to get the LVL beam. It took some figuring but we go it in place without any issues. I decided to get out in front of a concern I had with my... Wood Products. Engineered Lumber. Resources. U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. A ridge board isn't a "beam", per se. It's often just a nice way to bring the rafters together. A proper beam would have a supporting post at each end. You don't need a ridge beam, but you do need a way to keep the walls from spreading. This can be accomplished with "collar ties", boards spanning the shed at ceiling height, or with large ...ridge beam data: live load = 30 psf dead load = 14 psf (dead load manually increased for roof slope) total load = 44 psf span is 16’-0” to center of posts supporting ridge beam. duration of load is 1.15 (snow) tributary length = 12’-0” (exclude outer 6 ft of rafters which bear on outside walls) the ridge beamOct 22, 2018 · The bearing walls that are parallel with to a ridge beam must have the stiffness to resist the the outward pressure exerted on the walls by the joists. This can be provided by horizontal ceiling rafters that connect between the walls or a concrete block wall with a tie beam. So a ridge board does not have to be supported. How to size a ridge beam, Apr 6, 2009 · A ridge board is only there to provide something to nail to. The opposing rafters support themselves. mcyr (Marcel Cyr, CMI) April 26, 2009, 5:23pm 16. kshepard: I was a carpenter for 25 years in CA and CO. Standard was 3 face nails, and for the toenailed side, 3 toenails in one side of the rafter and 2 in the other. , Watch Our Tutorials if You Need To Replace A Wood Beam or Sagging Floor Joist. Click Here For More Videos. Framing Repairs. We've Got You Covered From ..., Figure 4: Ridge beam. Figure 5: Lintel supporting roof only. member span 1 member span 2 ridge beam under-purlin member span 1 member span 2 ridge beam span 1 span 2 span 3 span 4 lintel loaded dimension is a measure of the weight of construction that contributes to the member under consideration. loaded dimension of under-purlin =, However, a structural ridge beam may be required for several reasons, as described in this section. Support for high ends of rafters is typically necessary for the following conditions; (1) No attic floor (ceiling) joists, such as for a sloped (cathedral) ceiling. This condition generally results in lack of resistance to outward thrust force ... , Engineer David Hourdequin provides a worked example of a ridge beam design, along with a side by side input example using the ClearCalcs wood beam …, This section will outline what size a ridge board needs to be and what purpose it serves. When is a Ridge Beam Required? The International Residential Code covers the prescriptive requirements for…, 05-16-2008, 01:38 PM. Re: How to calculate a ridge size. If the roof pitch is less than a 3:12 than it does need to be designed as a beam. The pitch could be steeper with-out collar tie or other things too but if its less than a 3 its got to be a beam since there is little outward push and more verticle loading., 05-16-2008, 01:38 PM. Re: How to calculate a ridge size. If the roof pitch is less than a 3:12 than it does need to be designed as a beam. The pitch could be steeper with-out collar tie or other things too but if its less than a 3 its got to be a beam since there is little outward push and more verticle loading., Here’s is the general guideline for ridge beam size and their span for Douglas Fir lumber:-. For a 24 foot span:- The size of a ridge beam for a 24-foot span need to be 3-1/2″×16″, made of Glulam or LVL or engineered wood or 4-2×16 dimensional lumber. For a 20 to 22 foot span:- The size of a ridge beam for a 20 to 22-foot span need to ... , May 21, 2022 · The ridge beam is holding the whole roof structure, it needs to be sized adequately, let me walk you through the installation of the ridge beam as well as a ... , 01 November 2016. The BRANZ Lintels and Beams Calculator (in the Toolbox on the BRANZ website) is designed to allow the calculation of beam sizes where the span is outside those given in NZS 3604:2011 Timber-framed buildings. However, the beam sizes calculated are only applicable to buildings that are within the scope of NZS 3604:2011., 3-1/2" x 9". The Microlam Beam Size Calculator is a powerful tool that helps builders, engineers, and architects determine the correct size of a Microlam beam for a construction project. By inputting the span length, load, maximum allowable deflection, wood species, and beam type, users can quickly calculate the required beam size., Here's what I have so far: the buildings open span length is 6.2 metres from gable wall to gable wall which the ridge beam will sit on and overhang either side by 200mm, and 3.3 metres along the building width which the rafters will span across and overhang either side by 200mm. I've set the pitch at 23 degress and chosen C24 100x47 …, How to Use the LVL Span Calculator: Gather Information: You'll need information such as the LVL beam width, depth, and the uniform load that the beam will support.; Input Data: Enter these values into the calculator fields.; Calculate: Click the "Calculate" button, and the calculator will compute the maximum safe span based on the …, Ridge Board Size and Material. Ridge boards are typically made from conventional lumber. Typical sizes include 1×8 and 2×8 or larger. The IRC (Section R802.3) states that the minimum nominal width for a ridge board is 1-inch (25mm). ... On the other hand, ridge beams often include engineered woods such as glue-laminated timber (glu …, Ridge Beam Sizing - LVL or Lumber. Building a 12' x 12' shed with gable roof @ 5/12 pitch, ridge beam design for open ceiling, no rafter ties. 20 lb snow load for this area. No permits, none of that, but would like to meet IRC code. This is a personal project, not for a customer. I can't navigate a span table to save my life and I don't trust ..., However, a structural ridge beam may be required for several reasons, as described in this section. Support for high ends of rafters is typically necessary for the following conditions; (1) No attic floor (ceiling) joists, such as for a sloped (cathedral) ceiling. This condition generally results in lack of resistance to outward thrust force ... , This section will outline what size a ridge board needs to be and what purpose it serves. When is a Ridge Beam Required? The International Residential Code covers the prescriptive requirements for…, Install the RRs first, to both sides of the ridge beam. Then take a few 1x8s and tack them on top of the ridge beam, along its entire length, overhanging each edge equally. A 1x8 would overhang a 5-1/4" wide ridge beam about one inch on each edge., 9.23.13.8. Ridge support. (1) Except as provided in Sentence (4), roof rafters and joists shall be support ed at the ridge of the roof by, (a) a loadbearing wall extending from the ridge to suitable bearing, or. (b) a ridge beam support ed by not less than 89 mm length of bearing. (2) Except as provided in Sentence (3), the ridge beam referred ..., Engineer David Hourdequin provides a worked example of a ridge beam design, along with a side by side input example using the ClearCalcs wood beam calculator..., If you are calculating the rafter length from the center of the ridge beam, you will need to subtract half of the thickness of the ridge beam from the top end of the rafter. For example, if the ridge beam is 1 1/2 inches thick, subtract 3/4 of an inch from the upper pitch cut, resulting in a new upper pitch cut parallel to the first., In the field of construction, the use of steel beams is vital for providing structural support and stability to buildings. When it comes to steel beams, using standardized sizes ha..., The ridge board is dependent on the truss-action of the closed conventional roof system. A ridge beam on the other hand is a structural member at the peak of an open (cathedral) ceiling system that must be designed by an engineer to support the rafters along its length and transfer the roof loads to supports., A ridge beam is a horizontal structural member that runs along the peak of a roof. It is typically made of wood or steel and is designed to carry the load of the roof’s weight and transfer it to the supporting walls or columns. Ridge beams are often used in larger and more complex roof designs where the span between the walls is considerable., Ridge Board vs. Ridge Beam; Rafter Tie vs. Collar Tie; Hips and Valleys; This three-part series aims to provide an overview of these critical components in an effort of providing an overview of residential roof framing basics, code requirements, and common deficiencies. Part 1 on ridge boards and ridge beams can be read here. In Part 2, we will ..., Structural steel beams, typically referred to as “I beams,” range from 4 inches tall to 44 inches tall. A structural engineer may also design a custom beam if none of the standard ..., 2. Subtract the width of your ridge beam. The ridge beam is the vertical piece of plywood which will form the peak of the gable, and to which you’ll fasten the rafters on either sides. Measure the width of the ridge beam: if you’re using a 2x4, it’ll measure 1.5 inches (3.8 cm)., How to Determine Steel Beam Size. We’ve compiled a short step-by-step guide to working out steel beam sizes. Calculate Steel Beam Span Length; The steel span length is essentially the distance from the centre of one end bearing to the other. For example, if the exact distance between steel support beams is 4 metres, with an end …, Oct 22, 2020 · If the rafters are simple span members between the ridge and bearing walls (as shown below), the ridge beam will support one-half of the roof area. In order to support the imposed design loads (dead, roof live, and snow), the ridge beam will need to have a larger cross section than the rafters do, and in conventional light-frame construction ... , Sep 1, 2023 ... To calculate the ridge height, divide the width of the building by 2 and multiply the result by the tangent of the pitch angle of the roof. Add ..., Ridge Beam Sizing - LVL or Lumber. Building a 12' x 12' shed with gable roof @ 5/12 pitch, ridge beam design for open ceiling, no rafter ties. 20 lb snow load for this area. No permits, none of that, but would like to meet IRC code. This is a personal project, not for a customer. I can't navigate a span table to save my life and I don't trust ..., PSL Ridge Beam. Parallel strand lumber (PSL) is a high strength structural composite lumber product manufactured by gluing strands of wood together under pressure. It is a proprietary product marketed under the trade name ParaIlam®. Parallel strand lumber has voids resulting from the random lay-up of strands. The voids make it possible to ...